Appendix 3: Glossary
An active service is a service that is running ie listening for TCP/IP
requests. In Gatekeeper this is indicated with a small icon.
Assumed users
Assumed users are users that are using WinGate services, have not logged in,
but WinGate has some information about them. This information is either MAC
address of the LAN card in their computer, or preferably the Net Bios computer name.
A binding is a
The WinGate 2 WWW Proxy performs HTTP caching. Caching is the process of
storing recently accessed graphics, HTML documents or other files from the Internet
on the WinGate machine, to allow faster retrieval. The cache in WinGate checks
documents daily to ensure they are up-to-date, and will get a new copy of the
file if
Cascading
Using one proxy to connect via another proxy is called cascading. It is
commonly done when an ISP has a WWW proxy for its customers to use. To cascade the
WinGate WWW Proxy to the ISPs proxy, simply enter the ISPs proxy details on the
Connection tab of the WWW proxy, and select
Client
A client is a recipient of a service. With computers, client machines are PC
Connection
A connection can mean several things. At a physical level it means a joining
of two devices, by cable, plug or similar. With Modems, a connection made on a
successful dialing of another modem. At a Internet software level it commonly
means a channel of communication between the client and server has been
established.
The dialer is software that tells the modem who and when to dial. WinGate has
a built in dialer.
Dun
This stands for Dial-Up-Networking, a Microsoft term for the part of the
operating system used to get modems to talk to each other in Windows 95. In NT the
dialing is controlled by RAS, which is very similar to DUN.
Encryption is the process of making data secure by making extremely difficult
for any one but the intended user to understand.
Exclusions
In DHCP manual mode, excluded IP ranges allow the administrator to say
A firewall is a barrier between your network and the Internet, through which
only authorised traffic can pass. As traffic passes between your network and the
Internet it's examined by the firewall which follows the strict guideline of
"whatever is not expressly permitted is denied."
To create the rules by which your firewall allows and disallows traffic,
simply select the different Internet services, IP addresses and hosts you wish to
permit or deny.
Most firewalls screen traffic between a company's internal network and the
Internet, however firewalls can also secure on part of a network from another. For
instance securing your corporate accounting department or your network from
your subsidiary's network.
FTP
FTP stands for File-Transfer-Protocol. This is a method by which files are
up/down loaded from the internet. Many client applications exist to make the
process easy.
In WinGate 2, the
The hosts file is a file that resides in your windows (In 95) or
system32\drivers\erc directory (In NT). This stores some info about where certain machines
are. Hosts files are not necessary now that WinGate has DHCP.
HTTP
HTTP is the Protocol used for World Wide Web browsing, but many other programs
are starting to use HTTP. The WinGate WWW proxy allows HTTP access to LAN
users so they can view World Wide Web sites.
HTTPS
This is secure http. Netscape and other browsers have built in encryption, to
make data exchange more secure. This is commonly used for Online purchasing,
especially where Credit cards are involved.
An Internet protocol number is unique identifying Internet address.
Interface
An interface is a
ISP
This stands for Internet Service Provider. ISPs are companies that have a
connection to the internet and provide dial-up or direct connections to customers.
Typically ISPs have many modems that customers can dial up with a PPP account.
Dialing up an ISP usually gives you direct access to the internet. Many ISPs
also offer ISDN T1, or other connections for improved speed.
The length of time for which a DHCP assigned IP can be used. Before the lease
expires, the client must renew the lease with the DHCP server.
Leased line
A Leased line is a full-time network connection to the internet where you are
given an IP number (or a range of IP numbers) for your LAN. There are different
methods of connection including ISDN, modem and ethernet. Basically they give
you guaranteed access to the internet. Full-time connections are often called
24/7, meaning 24 hours, 7 days a week.
License
WinGate licenses are sold in different versions and counts. There are two
versions of WinGate2, Lite and Pro. A license is obtained from a WinGate reseller.
WinGate come with a free built-in 1-user license for evaluation. The user
counts are 1 2 5 10 and unlimited. This number represents the number of client
machines that can connect to WinGate simultaneously. It is not the number of
machines on you network. It is common to have a network of over 10 users, but to have
only a 5-user license. This is a way of limiting Internet use. A 5 user
license allows the WinGate machine + 5 other machines to access the Internet at any
one time.
Lite
WinGate Lite and Pro are the two license types that are available. Lite has
the features of Pro, less the ability to add users or groups, or administer from
a remote machine. Lite is available with different user counts: 1 2 5 10 or
unlimited user licenses.
localhost is a special term in TCP/IP. 127.0.0.0 is the localhost (loopback
interface) this is a software only interface internal to the stack itself, and is
not accessible over any interface.
Network Interface Card.
Non Proxy Request:
When a program talks directly to a port as if it were a server without using
the proxy protocol (ie method). Most proxy servers can not handle this, though
some WinGate services can handle both types of requests.
A data packet is a like a
There are different types of packets used on the internet and other networks,
but all of them use this idea of a parcel of data.
Ping
Ping is a command available on most TCP/IP capable systems including DOS. It
is a command line program that tests a TCP connection between locations, and
gives feedback on the speed of the link.
[-r count] [-s count] [[-j host-list] | [-k host-list]]
[-w timeout] destination-listOptions: -t Ping the specifed host until interrupted. -a Resolve addresses to hostnames. -n count Number of echo requests to send. -l size Send buffer size. -f Set Don't Fragment flag in packet. -i TTL Time To Live. -v TOS type Of Service. -r count Record route for count hops. -s count timestamp for count hops. -j host-list Loose source route along host-list. -k host-list Strict source route along host-list. -w timeout timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply.
Reply from [198.105.232.1] : Bytes=32 time 40ms
Reply from [198.105.232.1] : Bytes=32 time 20ms
Reply from [198.105.232.1] : Bytes=32 time 20ms
Reply from [198.105.232.1] : Bytes=32 time 30ms
From a workstation that is connected through WinGate you would get a result
similar to
Destination host unreachable
Destination host unreachable
Destination host unreachable
Destination host unreachable
This indicates that DNS is working. WinGate can
If you get a result like
Policies
WinGate policies and rights are available to allow the Administrator to
control who can do what operations with WinGate configuration or access.
Ports
A port can be thought of as a channel of communications to a machine. Similar
to telephones, it is like a companies PABX that has several lines. Packets of
information coming into a machine are addressed not only to that machine, but
to that machine on a specified port. You can think of a port as a radio channel
if you like, but the fundamental difference between a radio receiver and a
computer, is that the computer can listen to any / all of 65000 possible channels
at once! A Port is a logical TCP/IP connection. Any TCP/IP program needs to
use a port to communicate with any other program or Computer. Certain ports are
set aside for certain TCP/IP operation, eg 80 for HTTP.
Pro
WinGate Pro and Lite are the two versions of WinGate 2. Pro has all the
features of Lite plus the ability to add Users and Groups, and to do remote
administration with GateKeeper. Pro licenses are available in 5 10 or unlimited user
forms.
Protocol
See Unix. A Protocol is a method by which 2 or more parties can communicate or
organise their communication. Network protocols are very strict. If an
application does not follow the agreed style of communication, then they are unlikely
to be understood. Protocol includes such things as greeting a server, logging
on with a name and password, requesting and sending information, and saying
Proxy
The normal meaning of the word proxy is someone who does something on behalf of someone else, e.g. voting by
proxy. The Internet use of the word means basically the same thing, in relation to
a software program. WinGate does things on behalf of other software programs.
Specifically WinGate makes Internet requests on behalf of Internet clients to Internet servers.
Proxy Request
This is the action taken when a proxy aware program
Remote access service. An NT term, more or less the same as DUN. This is the
modem controlling software in Windows.
Resource
A resource is a term used to mean any data item or hardware
processing/storage. On a machine, resources are the memory, disk space, or processing time. An
Internet resource is a Graphic, an HTML page, a downloadable file, live streaming
video or any other available data. WinGate has internal resources, images,
used to display the FTP listings in browsers.
Rights
WinGate rights and policies are available to allow the Administrator to
control who can do what operations with WinGate configuration or access.
A Scope is a range of IP addresses sharing common properties. The DHCP servers
Auto mode will use the 192.168.0.1
Server
A machine and/or software that is set up to provide a service to assist you.
Examples are FTP, Email, or Web servers.
Service
A service is something that helps or serves you. In WinGate, the proxies are
services provided to help you connect to the internet.
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the method used on the internet for sending mail. WinGate uses a Mapped link to facilitate SMTP.
Subnet
A subnet is a group of computers that are directly connected via coax or a
hub. A computer with two network adapters will be on 2 subnets.
TCP/IP is essential if you want to use the Internet. TCP/IP stands for
Actually TCP and IP are different protocols, but they are so tied up that they
are usually referred to in this way.
Telnet
Telnet is a command line program used to access remote computer and run
programs on them. Telnet was the method by which the internet was first used. WinGate
has a Telnet proxy.
Terminator
A small device used at each end of a coaxial cabled network. Terminators are
essential.
Unix is an operating system like Dos, that developed originally from a project
at Berkley. Really it is a collection of operating systems that range from
being identical to similar to totally incompatible. There are a number of
Users
With WinGate 2, you have the ability to create user names (eg Tim, Ben,
Adrien). This gives you control over who is able to access WinGate, what access they
have, see how much data each user has used, and who can configure WinGate.
These are users just as in Windows. There are two default users that can not be
removed: Administrator and Guest.
192.168.0.254 scope. A DHCP scope comprises a group of computers running DHCP
clients in a subnet.